|
The ''Heart Sūtra'' (Sanskrit ') is a famous sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism. Its Sanskrit title, ', literally means "The Heart of the Perfection of Understanding". The ''Heart Sūtra'' is often cited as the best-known〔Pine 2004, pg. 16〕 and most popular Buddhist scripture of all.〔Pine 2004, pg. 18〕〔Nattier 1992, pg. 153〕 The text is very short, and it is generally believed to be Buddhist apocrypha written in China using excerpts of a translation of the ''Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra''; see Nattier hypothesis below. ==Introduction== The ''Heart Sūtra'', belonging to the Perfection of Wisdom (Prajñāpāramitā) category of Mahāyāna Buddhism literature along with the ''Diamond Sutra'', is perhaps the most prominent representative of the genre. The long version of the Sanskrit ''Heart Sutra'' is a prose text of some 280 words. In the Chinese version of the short text attributed to Xuanzang (T251), it has 260 Chinese characters.〔Taisho Tripitaka (Vol. T08 No. 251 ), attributed to Xuanzang.〕 In English it is composed of sixteen sentences. This makes it one of the shortest texts in the Perfection of Wisdom genre, which contains scriptures in lengths up to 100,000 lines. "The ''Essence of Wisdom Sutra'' (''Heart Sūtra'') is much shorter than the other Perfection of Wisdom sūtras but it contains explicitly or implicitly the entire meaning of the longer Sutras."〔''Heart of Wisdom'': An Explanation of the Heart Sutra, Tharpa Publications (4th. ed., 2001), page 2, ISBN 978-0-948006-77-7〕 This sutra is classified by Edward Conze as belonging to the third of four periods in the development of the Prajnaparamita canon, although because it contains a mantra (sometimes called a ''dhāraṇī''), it does overlap with the final, tantric phase of development according to this scheme, and is included in the tantra section of at least some editions of the Kangyur.〔Conze 1960〕 Conze estimates the sutra's date of origin to be 350 CE; some others consider it to be two centuries older than that.〔Lopez 1988, pg. 5〕 Recent scholarship is unable to verify its existence before any date earlier than the 7th century CE.〔Nattier 1992〕 The Chinese version is frequently chanted (in Sino-Xenic pronunciations) by the Chan schools during ceremonies in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam respectively. It is also significant to Shingon Buddhism, whose founder Kūkai wrote a commentary on it, and to the various Tibetan Buddhist schools, where it is studied extensively. The sutra is in a small class of sutras not attributed to the Buddha. In some versions of the text, starting with that of Fayue dating to about 735,〔Pine 2004 pg. 26〕 the Buddha confirms and praises the words of Avalokiteśvara, although this is not included in the preeminent Chinese version translated by Xuanzang. The Tibetan canon uses the longer version,〔 although Tibetan translations without the framing text have been found at Dunhuang. The Chinese Buddhist canon includes both long and short versions, and both versions exist in Sanskrit.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Heart Sutra」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|